This document, authored by the NFPA's Electrical Code Committee, is unquestionably the most authoritative and comprehensive document on electrical safety and addresses the topic from both a fire and electrocution point of view. The Handbook includes the complete text of the Code provisions along with explanations.
It provides a basis for safety procedures for all electrical hazards associated with lasers. This ANSI standard is included in this listing mainly because a high percentage of industrial facilities require that the eye protection used in their plants meet the ANSI Z 87 requirements. In the past, this basically referred to the "drop ball test" in which a 1-inch diameter ball weighing 2. The new Z In addition, there is a high-mass impact test in which a 1-inch diameter, pointed, heat-treated steel projectile degree cone that weighs These new requirements place far more stringent performance requirements on safety eye wear.
Toggle navigation Emergency Preparedness and Response Home. Glossary of Laser Terms For problems with accessibility in using figures and illustrations in this document, please contact the Office of Science and Technology Assessment at The mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by OSHA or the U.
Figure III Components of a Laser. NOTE: The primary purpose of an exiting laser beam, e. Some laser beams designed for material alteration may be effective some distance from their intended impact point. In this case, the OFCS's are treated as a standard laser system. Direct exposure on the eye by a beam of laser light should always be avoided with any laser, no matter how low the power. Laser Repair Notice.
Absorb To transform radiant energy into a different form, with a resultant rise in temperature. Absorption Transformation of radiant energy to a different form of energy by the interaction of matter, depending on temperature and wavelength. Accessible Emission Level The magnitude of accessible laser or collateral radiation of a specific wavelength or emission duration at a particular point as measured by appropriate methods and devices.
Also means radiation to which human access is possible in accordance with the definitions of the laser's hazard classification. Aperture An opening through which radiation can pass. Argon A gas used as a laser medium. It emits blue-green light primarily at and nm. Attenuation The decrease in energy or power as a beam passes through an absorbing or scattering medium.
Aversion Response Movement of the eyelid or the head to avoid an exposure to a noxious stimulant, bright light. It can occur within 0. Beam A collection of rays that may be parallel, convergent, or divergent. Beam Diameter The distance between diametrically opposed points in the cross section of a circular beam where the intensity is reduced by a factor of e -1 0.
The value is normally chosen at e -2 0. For small angles where the cord is approximately equal to the arc, the beam divergence can be closely approximated by the ratio of the cord length beam diameter divided by the distance range from the laser aperture.
Blink Reflex See aversion response. Brightness The visual sensation of the luminous intensity of a light source. The brightness of a laser beam is most closely associated with the radio-metric concept of radiance. Carbon Dioxide Molecule used as a laser medium. Emits far energy at 10, nm Closed Installation Any location where lasers are used which will be closed to unprotected personnel during laser operation.
CO 2 Laser A widely used laser in which the primary lasing medium is carbon dioxide gas. The output wavelength is It can be operated in either CW or pulsed. Coherence A term describing light as waves which are in phase in both time and space. Monochromaticity and low divergence are two properties of coherent light.
Collimated Light Light rays that are parallel. Collimated light is emitted by many lasers. Diverging light may be collimated by a lens or other device. Collimation Ability of the laser beam to not spread significantly low divergence with distance. Continuous Mode The duration of laser exposure is controlled by the user by foot or hand switch. Continuous Wave CW Constant, steady-state delivery of laser power. Controlled Area Any locale where the activity of those within are subject to control and supervision for the purpose of laser radiation hazard protection.
Diffuse Reflection Takes place when different parts of a beam incident on a surface are reflected over a wide range of angles in accordance with Lambert's Law. The intensity will fall off as the inverse of the square of the distance away from the surface and also obey a Cosine Law of reflection. Divergence The increase in the diameter of the laser beam with distance from the exit aperture. The value gives the full angle at the point where the laser radiant exposure or irradiance is e -1 or e -2 of the maximum value, depending upon which criteria is used.
Embedded Laser A laser with an assigned class number higher than the inherent capability of the laser system in which it is incorporated, where the system's lower classification is appropriate to the engineering features limiting accessible emission.
Emission Act of giving off radiant energy by an atom or molecule. Enclosed Laser Device Any laser or laser system located within an enclosure which does not permit hazardous optical radiation emission from the enclosure. The laser inside is termed an "embedded laser. Energy is commonly used to express the output from pulsed lasers and it is generally measured in Joules J. The product of power watts and duration seconds. Excimer "Excited Dimer" A gas mixture used as the active medium in a family of lasers emitting ultraviolet light.
Fail-safe Interlock An interlock where the failure of a single mechanical or electrical component of the interlock will cause the system to go into, or remain in, a safe mode. Gas Discharge Laser A laser containing a gaseous lasing medium in a glass tube in which a constant flow of gas replenishes the molecules depleted by the electricity or chemicals used for excitation. Gas Laser A type of laser in which the laser action takes place in a gas medium. Its wavelength is usually in the visible range.
Used widely for alignment, recording, printing, and measuring. Infrared Radiation IR Invisible electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths which lie within the range of 0. These wavelengths are often broken up into regions: IR-A 0. Intrabeam Viewing The viewing condition whereby the eye is exposed to all or part of a direct laser beam or a specular reflection. Irradiance E Radiant flux radiant power per unit area incident upon a given surface.
Units: Watts per square centimeter. Sometimes referred to as power density, although not exactly correct. Laser An acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. A laser is a cavity with mirrors at the ends, filled with material such as crystal, glass, liquid, gas or dye. It produces an intense beam of light with the unique properties of coherency, collimation, and monochromaticity. Laser Accessories The hardware and options available for lasers, such as secondary gases, Brewster windows, Q-switches and electronic shutters.
Laser Device Either a laser or a laser system. Laser Medium Active Medium Material used to emit the laser light and for which the laser is named. Laser Rod A solid-state, rod-shaped lasing medium in which ion excitation is caused by a source of intense light, such as a flash lamp. Various materials are used for the rod, the earliest of which was synthetic ruby crystal. Laser Safety Officer LSO One who has authority to monitor and enforce measures to control laser hazards and effect the knowledgeable evaluation and control of laser hazards.
Laser System An assembly of electrical, mechanical and optical components which includes a laser. Under the Federal Standard, a laser in combination with its power supply energy source. Lens A curved piece of optically transparent material which, depending on its shape, is used to either converge or diverge light. Light The range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies detected by the eye, or the wavelength range from about to nm.
The term is sometimes used loosely to include radiation beyond visible limits. Limiting Aperture The maximum circular area over which radiance and radiant exposure can be averaged when determining safety hazards. Maintenance Performance of those adjustments or procedures specified in user information provided by the manufacturer with the laser or laser system, which are to be performed by the user to ensure the intended performance of the product.
It does not include operation or service as defined in this glossary. Maximum Permissible Exposure MPE The level of laser radiation to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or skin.
Nd:Glass Laser A solid-state laser of neodymium:glass offering high power in short pulses. A Nd-doped glass rod used as a laser medium to produce nm light.
A synthetic crystal used as a laser medium to produce nm light. Nominal Hazard Zone NHZ The nominal hazard zone describes the space within which the level of the direct, reflected or scattered radiation during normal operation exceeds the applicable MPE. Optical Cavity Resonator Space between the laser mirrors where lasing action occurs.
Optical Density A logarithmic expression for the attenuation produced by an attenuating medium, such as an eye protection filter. Optical Fiber A filament of quartz or other optical material capable of transmitting light along its length by multiple internal reflection and emitting it at the end.
Optical Pumping The excitation of the lasing medium by the application of light rather than electrical discharge. Optical Radiation Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation 0. Output Power The energy per second measured in watts emitted from the laser in the form of coherent light. Power The rate of energy delivery expressed in watts Joules per second. Pulse A discontinuous burst of laser, light or energy, as opposed to a continuous beam.
A true pulse achieves higher peak powers than that attainable in a CW output. Pulse Duration The "on" time of a pulsed laser, it may be measured in terms of milliseconds, microseconds, or nanoseconds as defined by half-peak-power points on the leading and trailing edges of the pulse. Pulsed Laser Laser which delivers energy in the form of a single or train of pulses. Pump To excite the lasing medium.
See Optical Pumping or Pumping. Pumped Medium Energized laser medium. Pumping Addition of energy thermal, electrical, or optical into the atomic population of the laser medium, necessary to produce a state of population inversion. Radiant Energy Q Energy in the form of electromagnetic waves usually expressed in units of Joules watt-seconds.
Radiant Exposure H The total energy per unit area incident upon a given surface. Reflection The return of radiant energy incident light by a surface, with no change in wavelength. Refraction The change of direction of propagation of any wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, when it passes from one medium to another in which the wave velocity is different.
The bending of incident rays as they pass from one medium to another e. Resonator The mirrors or reflectors making up the laser cavity including the laser rod or tube. The mirrors reflect light back and forth to build up amplification. Ruby The first laser type; a crystal of sapphire aluminum oxide containing trace amounts of chromium oxide.
Scanning Laser A laser having a time-varying direction, origin or pattern of propagation with respect to a stationary frame of reference. Secured Enclosure An enclosure to which casual access is impeded by an appropriate means e.
Semiconductor Laser A type of laser which produces its output from semiconductor materials such as GaAs. Service Performance of adjustments, repair or procedures on a non-routine basis, required to return the equipment to its intended state. Solid Angle The ratio of the area on the surface of a sphere to the square of the radius of that sphere. It is expressed in steradians sr.
Source The term source means either laser or laser-illuminated reflecting surface, i. Tunable Laser A laser system that can be "tuned" to emit laser light over a continuous range of wavelengths or frequencies. Tunable Dye Laser A laser whose active medium is a liquid dye, pumped by another laser or flash lamps, to produce various colors of light. Visible Radiation light Electromagnetic radiation which can be detected by the human eye. Vacuum breakers shall be located, specified, installed, maintained and accessible for inspection in accordance with Sections For the systems described below, the supplier of water shall protect the public water system against backflow by requiring the customer to perform one of the following:.
NOTE: The supplier of water may allow protective devices to be installed in the internal supply pipes to a lawn sprinkler or irrigation system provided that there are not other hazards associated with a residential user as described in the categories "Auxiliary Water Supplies" and "Miscellaneous Residential Water Uses" of this document. For options a or b above, the device shall be tested in accordance with Section Any activity, situation, or use of water which establishes a degree of hazard within a single or dual family residential customer equivalent to a commercial user shall require protection in accordance with Sections Examples include but are not limited to customers utilizing boiler feed corrosion inhibitors, antifreeze loops, single wall heat exchangers, etc.
Residential swimming pools and double-wall heat exchangers are not considered to be potential hazards by the Department of Health. The supplier of water, however, may require backflow prevention in accordance with a local code or ordinance. Navigation menu. Background The Department has historically considered single or dual family residential customers to be non-hazardous facilities that do not generally require containment in accordance with Part Policy Auxiliary Water Supplies Where a single or dual family residential customer served by a public water supply system has or proposes to install an auxiliary water supply i.
An inspection to determine compliance with this requirements shall be made by the supplier of water, local plumbing or building code enforcement official, or their designee. The frequency of inspections shall be at the initial time of disconnection and at periodic intervals thereafter i. Abandon the auxiliary water supply in a manner acceptable to the State or local health department. Install an approved reduced pressure zone RPZ device at the public water supply service connection in accordance with Section Analyze water from the auxiliary supply to determine quality in accordance with Sections The sampling frequency shall be acceptable to the State or local health department.
At any time that water quality parameters are exceeded, one of the first three alternatives shall apply.
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